In 2004, the journal Adolescência e Saúde was founded as a quarterly publication dedicated to advancing knowledge and promoting discussions about adolescent health. Since its inception, the journal has consistently aimed to disseminate valuable research, practical experiences, and insights that contribute to the well-being of adolescents. By providing a platform for sharing experiences and evidence-based practices, the journal has become a vital resource for professionals working in the field of adolescent health. Adolescência & Saúde, a prestigious peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), is a leading resource for advancing adolescent health research and practice. Indexed in Scopus, it delivers high-quality, evidence-based content to researchers, healthcare professionals, teens, and families worldwide. Open Access: Fully open access with no article processing charges, ensuring free access for readers and authors worldwide. Visibility and Indexing: Adolescência & Saúde is indexed in Scopus, ensuring its research is recognized and discoverable within the global academic community. Focused Scope: Adolescência & Saúde publishes cutting-edge research in medicine with a special focus on pediatrics, perinatology, and child health. Additionally, we welcome studies in biomedical engineering, health informatics, AI applications in medicine, medical device development, and computational medicine. Regular Publication: Publishes quarterly, releasing four issues per year, ensuring consistent dissemination of the latest research and developments in adolescent health. Efficient Peer Review: First decision in ~7 days, full review in 50–60 days, publication in 15 days, with a 25% acceptance rate.
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) — Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde do Adolescente (NESA)
Assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting using two-dimensional radiographic scales: A literature review
Secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) is a key component of the multidisciplinary management of cleft lip and alveolus and cleft lip and palate. Alveolar cleft repair aims to create a bony bridge that restores maxillary continuity. The radiographic quality of this bridge is clinically important because it influences orthodontic tooth movement, prosthodontic planning, and decisions regarding possible re-grafting. Conventional X-ray images remain widely used for this assessment, and several two-dimensional scoring systems have been proposed to improve interpretive consistency. This narrative literature review critically examines the principal radiographic scales used to evaluate alveolar cleft repair and compares their core clinical properties. The Bergland scale remains the most widely recognized reference method, whereas the Enemark, Long, Kindelan, Chelsea, and SWAG scales seek to improve assessment of bone fill, morphologic detail, or applicability in mixed dentition. All of these systems rely on periapical or occlusal x-rays to estimate bony bridge height or the degree and distribution of bone fill in the cleft area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empowering pediatric nursing in oral health: A narrative review of antiseptic and educational interventions
Background: Pediatric nurses, have a crucial role in enhancing the oral health of children mainly through a number of areas, including direct care, assessments, educating and encouraging families in hospitals, schools, clinics, and community environments. Objectives: This review analyzes the evolution of pediatric oral health care, shifting the focus from purely dental-led procedures to nurse-led interventions. It evaluates the efficacy of antiseptic strategies (specifically chlorhexidine) and educational programs implemented by nurses in hospital and community settings. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using a search strategy across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate for English-language articles published between 2005 and 2025. Fifteen studies meeting specific criteria for nurse-involvement or nursing-relevant protocols were analyzed. Results: Current evidence indicates that nurse-led interventions—combining chlorhexidine application with health education—significantly reduce dental plaque and gingivitis. However, efficacy relies heavily on the structured training of nursing staff, which is currently inconsistent across settings. Conclusion: Nurses are pivotal in bridging the gap between dental recommendations and daily patient care. To maximize outcomes, nursing curricula must expand oral health competencies, and healthcare systems must adopt standardized, nurse-driven oral hygiene protocols.
Instructional program to enhance adolescents’ knowledge of insulin self-administration
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by destruction of pancreatic β -cells and the need for lifelong insulin replacement. Safe insulin self-administration requires adolescents to understand dose preparation, injection technique, insulin storage, and routine monitoring. Aim: To assess adolescents’ knowledge of insulin self-administration and determine whether a structured instructional program improves knowledge over time. Methods: A quasi-experimental, two-group study was conducted at the Diabetic and Endocrine Center in Al-Hilla City. A total of 120 adolescents were assessed using a structured questionnaire at baseline (pre-test), post-test I, and post-test II between May 17, 2025 and October 4, 2025. Results: The intervention group demonstrated a marked increase in mean knowledge scores from pre-test to post-test I, with a slight decline at post-test II, whereas the control group showed minimal change over the same period. Repeated-measures analysis showed significant effects of Time, Group, and Time × Group, with large effect sizes. Conclusion: A structured instructional program significantly improved adolescents’ knowledge of insulin self-administration and showed evidence of knowledge retention over follow-up.
Oral hygiene habits, dental conditions, and self-perceived halitosis across age groups: A cross-sectional survey
Background: Oral hygiene practices are central to the prevention of dental disease and oral malodor. Understanding how these behaviors vary across community respondents is important for designing targeted preventive programs, particularly in settings where population-level data remain limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe oral hygiene practices, dental conditions, and the frequency of self-perceived halitosis in a mixed-age sample and to explore how behavioral, dietary, medical, and lifestyle factors relate to reported oral-health outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 301 participants was conducted using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene behaviors, dental attendance, diet, self-reported medical and dental history, lifestyle factors, and halitosis-related variables. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics were generated, and chi-square testing was used for exploratory comparisons among categorical variables at a significance level of ≤ 0.05. Results: Most respondents reported tooth brushing (94.4%), and nearly half reported brushing twice daily (46.2%). Use of adjunctive measures was lower, including mouthwash (32.2%), floss (17.6%), and tongue cleaning (52.8%). Self-perceived halitosis was reported occasionally by 59.1% and frequently by 4.3% of respondents. Self-reported dental caries (62.1%), periodontal disease (32.2%), and malocclusion (35.9%) were common. Exploratory chi-square analyses also showed significant differences across several behavioral and clinical response categories, including smoking or vaping, breathing pattern, and sinus-related conditions (p ≤ 0.01). Although only 8% reported overt social problems related to breath odor, 40.9% reported concern about how others responded to them. Treatment-seeking for halitosis was uncommon (9.6%). Conclusion: Self-perceived halitosis and several adverse oral-health indicators were common in this sample, while recommended daily hygiene practices and treatment-seeking remained suboptimal. These findings support the need for targeted oral-health education, early assessment, and preventive counseling to improve hygiene behaviors and reduce the psychosocial burden associated with oral malodor.
The role of nursing in improving pain management and functional status in children with gastroenteritis using evidence-based guidelines
Introduction: Pediatric gastroenteritis is a critical inflammatory condition affecting the stomach and intestines, characterized by acute diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Often accompanied by fever and dehydration, these symptoms typically persist for less than two weeks. Despite the common misnomer “stomach flu,” gastroenteritis remains a leading global health challenge. In 2011, approximately 1.7 billion cases were recorded, resulting in nearly 700,000 deaths among children under the age of five, with the highest prevalence in developing nations. Acute gastroenteritis remains a leading cause of morbidity among children globally, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, often resulting in dehydration and significant discomfort. In children, these symptoms are not only physically distressing but frequently impair functional status, including oral intake, activity levels, sleep, and participation in normal daily routines. Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the nursing role in pain assessment and functional-status monitoring for children with gastroenteritis, with an emphasis on alignment with evidence-based guideline recommendations within clinical settings. Methodology: A descriptive correlational (cross-sectional) design was used to assess nursing practices related to pain and functional-status assessment in pediatric gastroenteritis at Al-Khansaa Teaching Hospital and Ibn Al-Atheer Teaching Hospital in Mosul, Iraq. Sample: A non-probability (purposive) sample consisting of 50 nurses currently working in the pediatric departments. Instruments: Data collection used a structured self-report questionnaire to assess nurses’ reported use of standardized pain assessment and functional-status monitoring. The findings indicated that nursing performance regarding guideline-aligned assessment and monitoring was suboptimal. Nurses demonstrated a significant gap in applying evidence-based guidelines to their daily practice. Furthermore, the data revealed a statistically significant correlation between the nurses’ demographic profiles (such as educational level and years of experience) and their clinical competency. Conclusion: The study concludes that the nursing role in pediatric gastroenteritis care is currently underperforming relative to international evidence-based standards. There is a critical need for professional development and targeted training programs to bridge this gap. Improving nursing interventions is essential for optimizing patient outcomes and reducing the morbidity associated with this condition in the region.
Self-harm in adolescence: A review of psychoanalytical clinical studies
Self-harm refers to the act of intentionally causing injuries to oneself. Currently, there is a significant increase in cases of self-harm among adolescents treated in clinical, school, and public health settings. The objective of this study was to gather clinical studies involving adolescents who self-harm in order to gain an understanding of the phenomenon from a psychoanalytic perspective. A narrative literature review was conducted, based on a search of studies from the last 15 years in the Scielo and Google Scholar databases. These studies were written in Portuguese, containing discussions of clinical cases, analysis of reports or interviews, and analyzed from a psychoanalytic perspective. Based on these criteria, 18 publications were selected: nine discussions of clinical cases and nine analyses of reports or interviews conducted in schools, juvenile detention centers, or psychosocial care centers. From a psychoanalytic perspective, self-harm was approached in these studies as a symptom, operating as a drive discharge in the body faced with the impossibility of symbolization. Studies have suggested that self-harm can act as a response to traumatic experiences, as well as to conflicts in family relationships. Cultural, historical, and social factors related to adolescents’ modes of social integration in contemporary times were also highlighted. Regarding psychoanalytic work with self-harming patients, clinical listening and transference management were highlighted as fundamental resources. It was concluded that the psychoanalytic approach contributed to the understanding of self-harm in adolescence as a manifestation characterized by unconscious conflicts, psychological suffering, and cultural issues.
Immune and cytokine dysregulation associated with low-grade inflammation in male adolescents
Background: Low-grade inflammation (LGI) is a subclinical inflammatory state characterized by persistent, modest elevations in circulating inflammatory mediators and has been linked to later cardiometabolic risk. Data describing adolescent inflammatory profiles in Middle Eastern populations remain limited. Purpose: To evaluate the immune and cytokine profile associated with LGI in Iraqi school-aged male adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 80 male adolescents aged 15-18 years recruited from secondary schools in Baghdad, Iraq, between March and August 2025. Participants were stratified by age and school and were operationally classified into an LGI group (n=15; hs-CRP ≥ 3.0 mg/L) and a control group (n=65). Inflammatory markers were measured using commercial ELISA kits (Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) and an immunoturbidimetric assay. Findings: Adolescents in the LGI group had higher hs-CRP (5.13 ± 1.11 vs. 0.57 ± 0.18 mg/L), IL-6 (6.17 ± 1.19 vs. 1.34 ± 0.31 pg/mL), TNF- α (12.84 ± 2.16 vs. 8.37 ± 1.24 pg/mL), and NLR (3.36 ± 0.49 vs. 1.72 ± 0.21), while IL-10 was lower (2.10 ± 0.34 vs. 5.09 ± 0.49 pg/mL; p<0.001). Standardized effect sizes were large across all markers (Cohen’s d: 1.8-2.9). Conclusion: In this sample, LGI was associated with a consistent pro-inflammatory profile marked by higher pro-inflammatory mediators, higher NLR, and lower IL-10. These findings support further longitudinal evaluation and targeted prevention strategies in adolescents with cardiometabolic risk factors.
Gaps in domain-specific reproductive health knowledge and attitudes among female college students in Basrah city
Background: Reproductive health is a fundamental component of overall health and well-being throughout a woman’s life, encompassing key stages such as marriage, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Adequate awareness of reproductive health supports family stability and contributes to healthier communities. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the gap in the knowledge and attitudes of female university students toward reproductive health domains and to detect associated sociodemographic factors. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 387 female students aged 18–24 years from five colleges at the University of Basra, Iraq. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a validated and reliable questionnaire between October 2024 and February 2025. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: The mean age of participants was 20.82 ± 1.63 years. Most students lived in urban areas and resided with their families. The majority belonged to middle socioeconomic status families, with relatively large household sizes. Parental education levels were moderate, and most mothers were housewives. Overall, students demonstrated poor knowledge across all reproductive health domains, with family income status significantly influencing knowledge levels. Attitudes toward reproductive health were predominantly neutral and showed little variation across most sociodemographic factors. Conclusions: Female university students exhibited inadequate knowledge and mainly neutral attitudes toward reproductive health domains.
Effect of school-based early marriage education on adolescent knowledge of early marriage, parenting readiness, and child health
Introduction: Early marriage is a persistent public health problem with intergenerational consequences for adolescents, mothers, and children. Because knowledge is a modifiable determinant of health behavior, school-based education may strengthen adolescents’ understanding of early marriage, parenting readiness, and child health risks. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a school-based early marriage education session on adolescents’ short-term knowledge of early marriage, parenting readiness, and child health consequences. Method: The study used a quasi-experimental one-group pre-test–post-test design involving 89 adolescents at Christian Vocational High Schools and State Islamic Senior High Schools Model Palangka Raya in 2025. A single educational session was delivered using interactive presentations and discussion. Knowledge was measured before and after the intervention using the same structured questionnaire, and paired comparisons were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test. Results: Knowledge improved significantly after the intervention (p < 0.001). Post-test findings showed a clear shift toward the good and very good categories for knowledge about early marriage, parenting readiness, and the child health consequences of early marriage. Conclusion: A brief school-based educational intervention was effective in improving adolescents’ short-term knowledge. The findings support integrating early marriage education into school health programs while highlighting the need for controlled studies with follow-up to assess persistence of knowledge gains and behavioral relevance.
Care Production by primary health care nurses in addressing adolescent pregnancy
Objective: To analyze the production of care by Primary Health Care nurses in the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. Method: An exploratory and descriptive qualitative study conducted with six nurses working in Primary Health Care Units in the municipality of Jaguaribe, Ceará, in June 2023, using semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. The study complied with all ethical and legal requirements, in accordance with Resolution No. 466/12, and was approved by a Research Ethics Committee. Results: The findings showed that nurses carry out educational actions aimed at preventing adolescent pregnancy, mainly through lectures, conversation circles, guidance on contraceptive methods, and activities within the School Health Program. However, a predominance of traditional strategies and difficulties in diversifying approaches were observed. Low adolescent adherence, structural limitations, the absence of multiprofessional teams, and family vulnerabilities constituted the main challenges. Despite these difficulties, participants recognized the relevance of their role and demonstrated commitment to care, bonding, and the pursuit of more participatory strategies. Final considerations: The findings reinforce the need for intersectoral actions, engaging methodologies, and the strengthening of adolescent health policies.
Mirna Neyara Alexandre de Sá Barreto Marinho
Acceptability of a website and chatbot intervention to promote self-determined motivation and prevent adolescent pregnancy
Introduction: Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a priority public health problem in Mexico, which requires innovative, culturally relevant interventions based on motivational theories. Digital interventions represent a promising strategy to promote preventive sexual behaviors in the school population. Objective: To evaluate the acceptability of the digital intervention “Be yourself”, based on the Self-Determination Theory, for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. Material and methods: A pilot randomized controlled trial was carried out with a pretest-posttest design and repeated measures. A total of 150 secondary school adolescents (11-15 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=75) or control (n=75) group. The intervention was implemented for three weeks through an interactive website and an educational chatbot, integrated into the school curriculum. Assessments were carried out at baseline, post-intervention and two-month follow-up. Results: The intervention showed high acceptability, with an abandonment rate of 11.3% and high retention during follow-up. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction and perceived usefulness, suggesting good adherence and feasibility of implementation in the school context. Conclusions: “Be yourself” is a viable and acceptable digital intervention for Mexican adolescents. The findings support its potential to be evaluated in efficacy trials with larger samples, contributing to the development of innovative digital strategies for adolescent sexual health.
Adolescent Health Disparities and Strategies for Achieving Equitable Healthcare Access and Outcomes
Background: Health disparities among adolescents continue to be a global challenge, with disparities in access to health care, health education and resources contributing to an inequitable distribution. Multifaceted factors including socioeconomic status, geographic region, gender and cultural differences play a role in shaping health outcomes during this vital transition period. Objective: This research will explore the magnitude of inequality in adolescent health and assess approaches in equitable access to health care and health outcomes. Methodology: We undertook a narrative review of recent articles, policy documents and global guidelines such as those of the World Health Organization. Research centred on adolescents aged 10-19 years and inequalities in access and outcomes of health care was considered. Data were thematically analysed. Findings: Our review concludes there are substantial gaps in health, mental health and reproductive health among young people, especially in resource-poor and disadvantaged settings. Approaches like community engagement, policy changes, school health initiatives, and digital health strategies are promising in improving access and reducing disparities. Conclusion: To eliminate adolescent health disparities we must use cross-sectoral, equity-oriented strategies that embed policy, community and health system strengthening to advocate for equitable and sustainable access to healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Correlation between Vitamin D Levels and Periodontal Health in the Adolescent Population
Background: Vitamin D plays essential roles in calcium homeostasis, immune modulation, and inflammatory regulation, suggesting potential implications for periodontal health. Adolescence represents a critical period for both skeletal development and establishment of periodontal health patterns, yet research examining vitamin D–periodontal relationships in this population remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and periodontal health parameters among adolescents, exploring potential associations with gingivitis severity and clinical attachment status. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 486 adolescents aged 12–17 years. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Periodontal assessment included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Participants were categorized by vitamin D status: deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), and sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and multivariable regression analyses evaluated associations. Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D was 24.67 ± 9.84 ng/mL, with 31.5% classified as deficient, 38.9% as insufficient, and 29.6% as sufficient. Vitamin D-deficient adolescents demonstrated significantly higher mean GI (1.67 ± 0.48) compared to sufficient participants (1.12 ± 0.39; p<0.001). Significant negative correlations were observed between 25(OH)D and GI (r=-0.412, p<0.001), BOP (r=-0.387, p<0.001), and PI (r=-0.298, p<0.001). Multivariable regression confirmed vitamin D deficiency as independently associated with gingivitis (OR=2.34; 95% CI: 1.56–3.51; p<0.001) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels demonstrate a significant inverse correlation with periodontal inflammation markers in adolescents. Vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with increased gingivitis severity, suggesting potential benefits of adequate vitamin D status for adolescent periodontal health
Trends in Tobacco and Vaping use and their Oral Health Consequences in Adolescents
Background: The landscape of nicotine use among adolescents has shifted dramatically with the emergence of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and vaping products. While traditional tobacco use has declined, vaping prevalence has surged, raising concerns about potential oral health consequences that remain incompletely characterized in younger populations. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine current trends in tobacco and vaping use among adolescents and evaluate associated oral health consequences, including periodontal status, mucosal lesions, and xerostomia. Methods: A total of 612 adolescents aged 14–18 years were recruited from secondary schools and categorized into four groups: non-users (n=298), exclusive vapers (n=156), exclusive tobacco users (n=72), and dual users (n=86). Participants completed validated questionnaires assessing substance use patterns. Clinical oral examinations evaluated periodontal status using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), oral mucosal lesions, xerostomia, and halitosis. Salivary flow rate was measured using unstimulated collection methods. Results: Overall nicotine product use prevalence was 51.3%, with vaping (39.5%) exceeding traditional tobacco use (25.8%). Exclusive vapers demonstrated significantly higher CPI scores (1.42 ± 0.68) com-pared to non-users (0.86 ± 0.54; p<0.001). Dual users exhibited the poorest periodontal status (CPI: 1.89 ± 0.72; p<0.001). Xerostomia prevalence was significantly elevated in vapers (42.3%) and dual users (58.1%) compared to non-users (14.8%; p<0.001). Oral mucosal lesions were observed in 18.6% of vapers and 31.4% of dual users versus 6.4% of non-users (p<0.001). Salivary flow rates were significantly reduced in all nicotine user groups. Conclusion: Vaping and tobacco use are associated with significant adverse oral health consequences in adolescents, including compromised periodontal health, xerostomia, and mucosal pathology. The high prevalence of vaping necessitates urgent preventive interventions and clinical awareness among dental professionals.
Adolescent Health Promotion Strategies and Their Effectiveness in Improving Quality of Life Outcomes
Background: Proper health promotion for adolescents is a vital area of focus for health promotion, given that the habits developed during this key stage of development shape life-long health and well-being. Global concerns relate to adolescent well-being, as rates of exposure to unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and mental stress have increased. Objective: This research seeks to assess the impact of a range of adolescent health promotion interventions - such as health education; physical activity; nutrition; and mental health promotion - on quality of life. Methodology: This is secondary research that reviews evidence from published peer-reviewed articles, global health reports and data from 2015 to 2025. Research targeting populations aged 10-19 years and the impacts of health promotion on physical, mental and social health was reviewed. Findings: Our research shows that multifaceted health promotion strategies make a considerable impact. Exercise programs displayed around 30-35%-greater physical and psychological well-being and improved nutrition led to about 20-25% fewer adolescents being obese. Health education in schools resulted in almost 40% improvement in health awareness and behavior; and mental health programs showed 25-30% reduction in stress and anxiety. Conclusion:Health promotion interventions have a significant impact on the quality of life of young people. Early, well-planned, multi-level strategies can have long-lasting positive effects
Tramadol for Analgesia in Pediatric Patients at Basra Centre for Hereditary Blood Prospective Observational Study
Background: Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic widely used in pediatric pain management. Its efficacy and safety in children with hereditary hematological conditions managed at specialist centers in Iraq remain inadequately documented. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy, dose–response relationship, and adverse-reaction profile of tramadol in pediatric patients at the Basra Centre for Hereditary Blood Diseases, as well as to identify clinical variables associated with the degree of analgesic response. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from September 2024 to January 2026. Thirty-eight pediatric patients aged 4–15 years who received tramadol were enrolled. Pain was quantified using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0–10) before and after administration. Response was classified as satisfactory (NRS reduction ≥2 points) or slow (<2 points). Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test and chi-square test. Results: Satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 29 patients (76.3%). The overall mean pain reduction was 3.03 ± 2.59 NRS units: 4.17 ± 1.34 in the satisfactory-response group versus −0.67 ± 2.18 in the slow-response group (p < 0.001). Intravenous (IV) infusion was associated with a significantly higher rate of satisfactory response than intramuscular (IM) injection (92.3% vs. 41.7%; χ2 = 9.02, p = 0.003). Age (p = 0.808), sex (p = 0.460), and total dose (p = 0.397) were not significantly associated with analgesic outcome. Dizziness was the most frequent adverse event (n = 9, 23.7%); no serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion: IV tramadol infusion at approximately 1 mg/kg over 4 hours achieved satisfactory analgesia in the majority of pediatric patients with hereditary blood disorders. The route of administration was the principal determinant of analgesic response. Incorporating IV tramadol infusion into standardized pediatric pain protocols at hematological centers is recommended.
The Role of Family Environment in Shaping Health Behaviors among Adolescents in Modern Societies
Background: Rapid data driven technologies have reinvented the way research is carried out and it is clear that structures of how methods should be carried out must be utilized in order to improve accuracy and efficiency. Organisations are becoming more dependent on systematic methods to handle data and enhance the process of making decisions. Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of structured methodologies and to determine major issues that are used to improve the performance on data-driven environments. Methodology: A mixed-method design was chosen to be used, consisting of quantitative and qualitative methods. Structured questionnaires were used to gather data concerning 150 respondents and statistical software such as correlation and regression analysis to analyze the data.Findings: These findings demonstrate that structured methodologies and research outcomes have a strong positive relationship (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). Regression analysis shows that the most significant predictors are technology integration ( = 0.31) and data quality ( = 0.28). Much of the variance (R 2 = 0.64 ) is explained by the model, which shows great usefulness. Conclusion: The research forms the conclusion that structured methodologies can be very effective, efficient and reliable in research. The next prospective study ought to be on scalability and incorporation of states-of-the-art technologies.
Prevalence of Obesity and its Relationship to Lifestyle among Sec-ondary School Students in Mosul city, Iraq
Background: Overweight and obesity rates are disproportionately higher in poorer areas, yet there is a shortage of research on child and adolescent health-related practices that may guide the creation of effective interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and identify lifestyle factors associated with obesity among secondary school students in Mosul city. Subjects and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 820 students in secondary schools in Mosul city. The study used a multistage stratified random technique, namely a random sampling technique, to choose students through body anthropometric measurements and direct interviews. Data collection continued for a period of 4 months, starting on 15th December 2025 and ending on 1st April 2026. Results: The present research determined that the prevalence of obesity among students in Mosul city was 96 (11.7; 95% CI; 9.5–14.0), and the prevalence of overweight was 158 (19.3; 95% CI; 16.5–22.0). Significant associations were found between obesity and sex. Boys had a higher prevalence of obesity (16.7%) compared to girls (6.7%). Higher levels of maternal education, higher occupational levels of both parents, higher income, and higher socioeconomic status were associated with a higher prevalence of obesity compared to other levels. Students with a positive first-degree family history had a significantly higher risk (23.7%) compared to those without a family history (7.7%). Prolonged periods of physical activity, such as football and basketball, (≥ 2 hours/day) appeared to have a protective influence against obesity compared to shorter periods. Students who slept less than 8 hours were more likely to be obese (14.4%) compared to students who slept 8 hours or more (8.1%). Students who ate 3 meals or more per day were more likely to be obese (35.5%) compared to students who ate fewer than 3 meals per day (9.3%). Conclusion: This study in Mosul identified a concerning prevalence of overweight and obesity (31%) among secondary school students, with boys showing a higher prevalence of obesity. The study identified family history, dietary choices, physical activity levels, occupational levels of both parents, higher income, higher socioeconomic status, sleeping less than 8 hours, and frequent meals as significantly associated with an increase in obesity.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Counseling Programs in Improving Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes
Background:Recent studies have shown an alarming rise in mental health issues among adolescents, particularly Depression and Anxiety Disorder, and the need for effective intervention approaches such as counselling programs. Objective:The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the counseling program on adolescents' psychological well-being, and to measure mental health outcomes before and after the program. Methodology:A quantitative pre-test and post-test research design was used with 300 adolescents, aged 13 to 18 years old. Psychometric measures were administered to assess anxiety, depression and self-esteem both before and after the intervention. The data were processed and statistically analyzed with SPSS software using paired t-tests and regression. Findings: The study found that after counseling, adolescents had significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression and higher self-esteem. Longer and more frequent counselling sessions were linked to improved performance. Conclusion:Counseling interventions improve adolescents' mental health. Improved access to formal counselling can help tackle adolescents' mental health issues..
Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and Its Clinical Impact on Adolescents’ Oral Health
Background: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect affecting per-manent first molars and incisors, presenting significant challenges in pediatric and adolescent dental care. The condition has gained considerable attention due to its increasing prevalence and substantial impact on oral health-related quality of life. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of MIH among adolescents aged 12–16 years and evaluate its clinical impact on oral health parameters and quality of life. Methods: A total of 847 adolescents from eight secondary schools were examined using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria for MIH diagnosis. Clinical examinations assessed caries experience (DMFT index), dental sensitivity, and treatment needs. The Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) questionnaire evaluated oral health-related quality of life. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The overall MIH prevalence was 14.8% (n=125). Among affected individuals, 68.0% exhibited mild MIH, 23.2% moderate, and 8.8% severe forms. Adolescents with MIH demon-strated significantly higher mean DMFT scores (3.87 ± 2.14) compared to unaffected peers (2.21 ± 1.76; p<0.001). Dental sensitivity was reported by 72.8% of MIH-affected participants versus 18.4% of con-trols (p<0.001). COHIP scores indicated significantly poorer oral health-related quality of life in the MIH group (p<0.001). Conclusion: MIH demonstrates considerable prevalence among adolescents and significantly impacts oral health outcomes, caries susceptibility, dental sensitivity, and quality of life. Early identification and comprehensive management protocols are essential for optimizing outcomes in affected individuals.
The Influence of Lifestyle Factors on the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases among Adolescents
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, diabetes and obesity, are rapidly rising in adolescence due to poor lifestyle choices, including unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity, poor sleep and alcohol and tobacco use. The prevention of NCDs in adolescence is essential for minimising future health effects. Objective: This research will explore the role of lifestyle factors in preventing NCDs in adolescents and assess how healthy lifestyle choices mitigate risk factors. Methodology: We conducted a secondary data systematic review of peer-reviewed articles, global health reports and epidemiological studies on the prevention of NCDs among adolescents published between 2015 and 2024. Research focusing on the 10-19 year age group and associations between lifestyle factors and NCDs was selected. Findings: The study suggests adolescents who consistently engaged in physical activity (≥60 minutes per day) had a 25-30% reduced risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Consumption of a healthy diet with fruit and vegetables was linked to 20% lower metabolic complications, with better health outcomes (close to 15%) linked to adequate sleep durations (8-10 hours per night). On the other hand, sedentary lifestyles and drug use were associated with a high risk of NCDs. Conclusion: Lifestyle modifications during adolescence play a vital role in preventing NCDs. Promoting healthy behaviors through education, policy, and community interventions can substantially reduce disease burden in later life.
Gender Differences in Health Behaviors and Outcomes among Adolescent Populations across Regions
Background: Biological, social and environmental factors all contribute to the formation of health patterns among adolescents. Sex, as well as region, impacts on issues related to physical activity, nutrition, mental health, and risk-taking behavior, among adolescents. Objective: The present study sought to examine differences in health practices and outcomes between boys and girls in the country based on geographical location and key disparities based on socio-cultural and environmental factors. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional comparative study of 350 adolescents (10-19 years of age) from urban and rural areas. Health outcomes and health behavior were assessed through questionnaires. Data were analysed using comparative and correlation tests. Findings: The study found males engaged in more physical activity (62%) than females (48%) and females had better dietary behaviors’ (54% vs 46%). Females reported higher levels of mental health problems (38%) compared to males (29%). Cultural differences showed higher rates of obesity in urban areas (26%) than rural areas (18%). Gender, health behavior and health status were significantly associated (p < 0.01). Conclusion: There are marked gender and regional differences in health-related behaviours and health outcomes among adolescents, which suggest a need for gender-sensitive, region-specific public health strategies.
Pediatric Inguinal Hernia: A Prospective Study of Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management Strategies, and Timing of Surgical Repair at Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, Iraq
Background: Pediatric inguinal hernia is a common surgical condition in children and may progress to incarceration and strangulation when recognition, referral, and repair are delayed, particularly in low- resource settings. Objective: To characterize the epidemiology, presentation pathways, management, and factors associated with delayed consultation and incarceration among children with inguinal hernia at Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Methods: A prospective observational co- hort study was conducted from January 2023 to October 2024 and included children aged 0–14 years with clinically confirmed inguinal hernia. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, referral pathways, care- giver health literacy, surgical management, and outcomes were collected using a standardized case report form. Bivariate analyses compared presentation within 7 days versus >7 days, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of incarceration. Results: A total of 218 children were enrolled; 78.9% were male, with a mean age of 2.4 ± 2.1 years. Incarceration occurred in 28.4% of cases, and 3.7% required bowel resection. Symptom-to-consultation delay >14 days, age <1 year, and non-PHC referral were independent predictors of incarceration. Adequate caregiver health literacy was significantly associated with earlier presentation (p = 0.003). Open high ligation was performed in 99.1% of cases, with no perioperative mortality and a recurrence rate of 0.9%. Conclusion: Pediatric inguinal hernia in Wasit Governorate is associated with a high burden of potentially preventable incarceration, driven largely by delayed presentation, limited caregiver awareness, and fragmented referral pathways. Strengthening caregiver education and improving primary care integration may facilitate earlier surgical access and reduce avoidable complications.
Neurological Approaches in an Inclusive Educational Environment: Effectiveness of Support for Children with Speech Disorders
Objective: The study aims to determine the role of neuro-speech therapy in correcting speech disorders within inclusive education through an analysis of global experience and to develop practical recommen-dations for applying neuro-speech therapy approaches in inclusive settings. Methods: The research is based on general scientific methods, including induction and deduction, as well as systematization, bibli-ographic review, and analytical approaches. These methods were used to examine international scientific literature and to identify current trends and gaps in the application of neuro-speech therapy. Results: The findings reveal significant challenges related to inconsistent international terminology in the field of neuro-speech therapy, which complicates access to relevant information and limits effective knowledge exchange. In addition, there is a lack of comprehensive empirical research assessing the effectiveness of neuro-speech therapy interventions in correcting speech disorders. Despite these limitations, the analysis of scientific sources and practical experience allowed for the identification of key principles of neuro-speech therapy. Based on this, a set of recommendations was developed to support the implementation of these approaches in inclusive education. Conclusion: Neuro-speech therapy represents a promising direction for improving the correction of speech disorders in inclusive education. However, further research and standardization of terminology are required. The proposed recommendations contribute to enhancing professional practice among speech therapists, neuropsychologists, and educators working in inclusive environments
Assessing the Role of Healthcare Services in Addressing Adolescent-Specific Health Concerns Effectively
health. There's a need for effective health services to tackle these health concerns; however, factors such as accessibility, the lack of adolescent-specific services and stigma can prevent service use. Objective: This research sought to measure the effectiveness of healthcare services in responding to adolescent-specific health concerns, and to assess the factors affecting the utilization of and responses from healthcare services.Methodology: We included 300 adolescents 10-19 years in a cross-sectional study. Failure to access health care, use medical services and satisfaction with health care were assessed through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used. Findings: This study found that 54% of adolescents had moderate access to services, and only 32% had easy access. Service quality (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) and perceptions of confidentiality (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with utilization. Young people who had easier access to health services had better health (mean score = 72.5 ± 8.3). Stigma and affordability led to a 28% decrease in service use. Conclusion: Healthcare services are crucial to addressing health issues among adolescents; but improving access, quality, and youth-friendly services is needed to improve their effectiveness.
Incidence of malnutrition with newly diagnosis on children with cancer
Objective(s): This longitudinal study aims to determine the incidence of malnutrition and track the dynamic changes in anthropometric indicators (Weight, BMI, MUAC, and Skinfold thickness) among newly diagnosed children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy in Baghdad city in Iraq. Methods: A longitudinal descriptive study was conducted at the Hematology Center of the Child Protection Teaching Hospital in Medical City, Baghdad, from May 1st to December 31st, 2025. A purposive sample of 130 children newly diagnosed with various types of cancer (hematology and solid tumor) who were monitored across three time points: at diagnosis (Baseline), at three months, and at six months of treatment. Data were collected through direct anthropometric measurements using tools like slim guide skinfold calipers; WHO MUAC tapes. The data processed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics and re- peated measures ANOVA to identify significant nutritional trends. Results: At diagnosis, a significant proportion of children exhibited sub-clinical nutritional deficits. The results of post-induction showed a significant progressive decline in Weight (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.01). Significantly the most acute reduction in Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold thickness demonstrated (p < 0.001), reflecting a rapid depletion of muscle mass and fat stores. When comparing diagnostic subgroups, children with hematological malignancies (like leukemia); children experienced more severe nutritional derailment than those with solid tumors. Conclusion: The study concludes that malnutrition with can- cer is not merely a baseline condition but a dynamic and worsening complication of chemotherapy in Iraqi children. The significant decline MUAC suggests it is a more sensitive early warning indicator than tradi- tional of child weight monitoring. There is a critical need for an integrated ”Nutrition-Oncology” protocol that shifts the clinical focus from reactive feeding toward proactive, nurse-led nutritional surveillance. Recommendations: It is essential to implement standardized nutritional screening at every treatment cycle. The study advocates for the development of individualized nutritional support plans and special- ized training for nursing staff to recognize early signs of wasting. Furthermore, family-centered dietary counseling should be integrated into discharge planning to reduce the risk of home-based nutritional failure and ensure continuity of care
Substance use Behaviors among Adolescents and their Long-Term Health and Social Consequences
Background:Substance use amongst adolescents is a recent critical public health issue worldwide as youths are becoming increasingly exposed to alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances at the crucial developmental stages. The premature nature is linked with various negative effects that can be carried into the adult life not only in terms of health, but also in terms of social welfare. Objective: This work seeks to discuss the issue of substance use behaviors in adolescents, as well as to evaluate its health and social outcomes in the long-term. Methodology: Qualitative review of the existing literature has been done and it is based on peer reviewed journal articles, reports and epidemiological studies on substance use patterns among teenagers and their results. Findings: The results show that teenage substance abuse is closely related to chronic mental illness, cognitive disabilities, addiction, and higher chances of chronic illness. Social impacts are low academic achievement, joblessness, criminal activities, and low interpersonal relationships. Health and social factors tend to develop a disadvantage cycle. Conclusion: The problem of adolescent substance use needs a multifaceted approach (family, school, and policy) that addresses the issue in its entirety. Intervention at the early stages is needed to reduce the adverse outcomes in the long-term and enhance healthier developmental paths.
The Impact of Family Communication Patterns on Emotional Well-Being Among Adolescents
Background: Healthy communication in families is crucial to teens' emotional well-being. Family communication patterns such as support, openness and communication style impact on emotional well-being. Poor communication or communication restrictions can lead to emotional distress, anxiety and aggression in adolescence. Objective: This research sought to understand how family communication influences the emotional health of adolescents, and what type of communication is related to better mental health. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey of 250 adolescents (12-19 years of age) was undertaken. Family communication and mental health were measured with standardised questionnaires. Data were analysed using correlation and regression analyses. Findings: The findings showed 48% of the study's participants reported open communication with their families, which was related to better emotional well-being (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). However, restrictive communication was positively associated with anxiety and distress (mean score = 26.8 ± 5.4). Participants with supportive families had better mental health. Conclusion: Healthy family communication plays a vital role in improving adolescents' emotional well-being, suggesting a need for family-focused interventions and education initiatives
The Association between Dietary Habits and Chronic Disease Risk among Adolescent Populations
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between diet and risk of chronic disease in adolescents. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional survey of 300 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. Adolescents reported their diet through a validated food frequency questionnaire and health outcomes including body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose and blood cholesterol. Correlation and regression analyses were used for statistical evaluation. Findings: The study found 42% of adolescents reported consuming fast food three or more days a week, with only 28% consuming adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables. Frequent high sugar food intake was correlated with higher BMI (r = 0.46, p < 0.01) and higher levels of fasting glucose (mean = 108 ± 12 mg/dL). Students with healthier dietary habits had lower cholesterol levels (mean = 165 ± 18 mg/dL). Conclusion: Bad dietary patterns are significantly linked to higher risk of developing chronic diseases in adolescents, suggesting the importance of interventions.
Comparison of Fluoride Varnish Versus Silver Diamine Fluoride in Preventing Caries in School-Aged Adolescents
Background: Dental caries remains a predominant chronic disease among school-aged adolescents worldwide despite advances in preventive dentistry. Fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride rep-resent two topical fluoride-based interventions with demonstrated anticaries efficacy; however, direct comparative evidence evaluating their caries-preventive effectiveness in adolescent permanent dentitions remains limited. Objective: This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the caries-preventive efficacy of 5% sodium fluoride varnish versus 38% silver diamine fluoride applied semiannually over an 18-month period among school-aged adolescents. Methods: A total of 360 adolescents aged 12–15 years with at least one sound first permanent molar at high caries risk were randomly allocated to three groups: fluoride varnish (FV, n = 120), silver diamine fluoride (SDF, n = 120), and placebo control (n = 120). Applications were performed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Caries assessments using ICDAS-II criteria were conducted at baseline and 18 months by calibrated examiners blinded to group allocation. The primary outcome was new caries incidence on permanent teeth. Results: At 18 months, the mean number of new carious surfaces was significantly lower in the SDF group (0.82 ± 0.94) and FV group (1.24 ± 1.12) compared with the control group (2.47 ± 1.68) (p < 0.001). SDF demonstrated a caries-preventive fraction of 66.8% compared with 49.8% for FV, with the difference between SDF and FV reaching statistical significance (p = 0.003). The proportion of participants remaining caries-free was highest in the SDF group (58.3%) compared with the FV (43.3%) and control (22.5%) groups (p < 0.001). However, tooth staining was significantly more prevalent in the SDF group (72.5%) than in the FV group (3.3%) and the control group (0%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both silver diamine fluoride and fluoride varnish significantly prevented new caries development in adolescents compared with placebo; however, SDF demonstrated superior caries-preventive efficacy. The aesthetic concern of tooth staining associated with SDF use requires careful consideration in adolescent populations.
Adolescent Resilience and Coping Mechanisms in Managing Stress and Mental Health Challenges
Background:Teens are exposed to a variety of stressors during this important transition period, including school performance demands, social pressures and emotional turmoil. These play a crucial role in mental health, leading to increased anxiety, depression, and distress in adolescents. Objective: This research set out to explore the buffering effect of positive coping strategies and resilience to reduce stress and enhance mental health in adolescents. Methodology: A cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 250 adolescents (12-18 years old). The study used validated questionnaires of scales of resilience, perceived stress and coping strategies. Data were analysed using correlation and regression analyses. Findings: The findings revealed 40% of respondents had moderate resilience, with 30% having higher resilience. Resilience was negatively correlated with stress (r = –0.52, p < 0.01) and depression scores (r = –0.48, p < 0.01). Adaptive coping strategies were negatively correlated with stress levels (mean = 18.5 ± 4.2) and avoidance coping strategies were positively correlated with stress (mean = 26.3 ± 5.1). Conclusion: Adolescents' mental health is improved while their stress levels are decreased by their resilience and coping mechanisms, pointing to the importance of psychological strategies.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Digital Health Interventions Targeting Adolescent Health Promotion
Background: In a world that's increasingly connected to digital technologies, digital health promotion strategies for adolescents have emerged as a different way to deal with mental and physical health issues. Mobile health technologies such as apps, gadgets, and web platforms play a significant role in the engagement of young people. Objective: This research seeks to assess the impact of digital health interventions on health outcomes in adolescents, particularly mental health, physical activity, and behaviour change. Methodology: It undertook a qualitative review of recent studies and program reviews using sources from academic literature databases and World Health Organization reports. Research conducted since 2018 was reviewed to identify types of interventions, user engagement, and associated outcomes Findings: Outcomes suggest that e-health programs can increase mental health by around 25-35%, especially in reducing stress and anxiety via mobile apps. Wearable technologies and exercise apps boosted physical activity levels by almost 20-30%. Gamified and personalized interventions showed high engagement rates (40%), but there were inequalities in access and digital literacy. Conclusion: Digital health is a useful strategy for promoting health in adolescents, improving access, engagement and self-management. But ensuring equity, practicability and privacy is crucial for their effectiveness
The Role of Teachers and Schools in Supporting Adolescent Mental and Physical Health Development
Background:The teenage years are important developmentally as youth undergo rapid physical, emotional and social transition, making it a period when mental health problems and other behaviors posing risks to physical health emerge. Schools are important settings to address these development tasks. Objective:The current research seeks to explore the effectiveness of teachers and school systems on the mental and physical health development of adolescents in school, including the implementation of programs, teacher interactions and school policy. Methodology:A literature review was performed, using peer-reviewed journal articles, educational reports and public health statistics. These were examined to establish trends in school health programs and teacher-based interventions. Findings:The review shows teacher-student connections enhance student well-being by 30%, and school health programs boost participation in physical activity by almost 25%. Schools offering health services and teacher training for recognition of mental health issues is critical. Integrated school health programs were found to improve engagement and behavior. Conclusion:Schools and teachers are key to improving adolescent health through a supportive environment and interventions. Effective health education for teachers and school-based programs have positive outcomes on school mental health and physical health.
Adolescent Health Literacy and Its Importance in Promoting Informed Health-Related Decision Making
Background: Health development in adolescents is a pivotal period for the development of health-related behaviors. Adolescent health literacy - the capacity to access, comprehends, assess and use health information - is integral to the development of health behaviors. Yet, adolescents often struggle with health information in the digital information age during which there is a major spread of mis- and disinformation. Objective: This paper will review the influence of adolescent health literacy in facilitating health-related decision making and its contribution to health-related outcomes and behaviors. Methodology: This paper presents a narrative review of the existing evidence from scholarly journals, global health reports, and educational frameworks exploring the role of health literacy in adolescent decision making and health outcomes. Findings: The review suggests that adolescents with better health literacy demonstrate better decision making skills, healthier behaviors, less risky behaviors and greater use of health care services. Low health literacy leads to poor decision-making, susceptibility to health misinformation, and negative health outcomes. Conclusion: Building health literacy among adolescents through education at school, consultation with the community and online interventions, is necessary to promote decision making and enhance long term public health.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on Respiratory and Overall Health among Adolescents
Background:Environmental risks, including air pollution, indoor pollutants and allergen exposure, are significant public health issues for adolescents. At this time in life, people are susceptible to environmental risks that can negatively impact respiratory and health outcomes Objective:This study will assess the effects of environmental factors on respiratory and general health in adolescents and the association between exposure and health status. Methodology:In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed adolescents (age: 13-19 years). The study involved self-reported exposure to environmental pollutants and health symptoms, which were gathered through questionnaires. Data were analyzed using statistical methods to determine the links between environmental exposure and respiratory health and general health problems. Findings:These showed adolescents exposed to higher environmental pollutants had greater respiratory issues such as asthma (around 30%), recurrent cough (45%) and wheezing (40%). In addition, adolescents with high exposure also exhibited general health symptoms, such as tiredness (60%) and lowered immunity (50%). Conclusion: Environmental exposures play a important role in respiratory and general health of adolescents. Minimizing exposure and raising awareness of environmental hazards may help enhance the health of young people.
Impact of Antiepileptic Drug Burden on Academic Performance in Children with Epilepsy: A Comparative Analysis Across Monother-apy, Dual, and Triple therapy
Background: Cognitive and academic outcomes in children with epilepsy are influenced by both disease severity and treatment intensity. The effect of increasing antiepileptic drug burden on school performance remains a critical clinical concern. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between the number of antiepilep-tic drugs and school performance in children aged 7–12 years with epilepsy. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 174 children with epilepsy. Participants were cate-gorized into three groups according to treatment type: monotherapy (n = 70), dual therapy (n = 60), and triple therapy (n = 44). School performance scores were compared across groups. Seizure control (good, moderate, poor) and age categories were also analyzed. Results: A marked decline in school performance was observed with increasing drug burden. Children on monotherapy showed the highest mean scores, followed by dual therapy, while triple therapy demonstrated the lowest performance (F = 566.201, p = 0.000000). Seizure control significantly influenced outcomes, with good control associated with higher scores compared to moderate and poor control (F = 73.457, p = 0.000000). A significant interaction between treatment type and seizure control was identified (F = 128.773, p = 0.000000), in-dicating that the effect of therapy varied depending on seizure status. No significant differences were observed across age groups (F = 1.009, p = 0.366757). A very strong negative correlation was detected between the number of antiepileptic drugs and school performance (r = -0.932, p = 0.000000). Multi-ple regression analysis confirmed that drug burden and seizure control were independent predictors of academic performance (R2 = 0.873, p = 0.000000). Additionally, seizure control distribution differed significantly across treatment groups (χ2 = 88.711, p = 0.000000). Conclusion: Increasing antiepileptic drug burden is strongly associated with reduced academic performance in children with epilepsy. This effect is compounded by seizure control status, highlighting the need for optimized therapeutic strategies that balance seizure management with cognitive outcomes.
Evaluating the Role of Sports Participation in Enhancing Physical and Emotional Health in Adolescents
Background: Sports play a significant role in the development of physical health and well-being of adolescents. Engagement in sports increases physical fitness, social engagement and mental strength during adolescence. Objective: To assess the impact of sports participation on improving physical and psychological health in adolescent. Methodology: Adolescents (13-19 years) were assessed using a cross-sectional design. Participants responded to questionnaires that measure the frequency of sports participation, indexes of physical health (i.e. fitness, body mass index) and emotional health (i.e. stress, anxiety, self esteem). Data were analyzed to assess the relationship between sports involvement and health. Findings: The study found adolescents who participated in sports showed improved physical health, with 65-75% of both male and female participants reporting good health status vs 40% of those who didn't. Further, sports participants reported decreased anxiety levels (by around 30%) and improved self esteem. Feelings of well-being were enhanced among adolescents participating in team sports because of social interaction and support. Conclusion: Involvement in sports is very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle for adolescents. Stimulating an active participation in sports can help to foster healthy living and emotional well-being.
The Relationship between Academic Stress and Mental Health Issues among Adolescents
Background: Academic stress is a prevalent issue among adolescents due to rising academic pressures, competition and societal pressures. Academic stress can have a detrimental effect on the psychological health of adolescents, resulting in psychological distress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Objective: Adolescents are a key focus of this research, as this study seeks to explore the association between academic stress, mental health problems and the impact of stress on psychological well-being. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used with adolescents 13-19 years old. An anonymous questionnaire measuring academic stress, anxiety, depression and coping strategies was administered. Data were analysed to determine relationships between the stress and mental health. Findings: Academic stress is positively related to mental health issues. Young people with higher academic stress reported higher levels of anxiety symptoms (60%) and depression (45%) than those with lower reported levels of academic stress. Further, maladaptive coping was associated with more severe mental health problems.. Conclusion: The take home message is that stress around academics has a large impact on adolescents' mental health, highlighting the importance of developing stress coping strategies and creating a healthy learning environment. Parents and educators need to support a healthy work-academic balance and promote mental health support to enhance adolescents' well-being.
Evaluation of structural educational program related to environ-mental context on kindergarten teachers’ knowledge
Background: Early childhood is a pivotal stage in human life, during which the basic foundations for physical, mental, social, and emotional development are formed. Knowledge of the kindergarten’s environmental context is a crucial factor in promoting learning and growth. This context includes several elements, such as ensuring physical safety, providing adequate spaces for movement and activity, appropriate furnishings and educational tools, the availability of stimulating toys and educational aids, and adequate ventilation and lighting to ensure a healthy and comfortable environment. Objectives: This study directed to evaluate the environmental context educational program on kindergarten teach-ers’ knowledge. Method: A quasi-experimental design was employed among 50 kindergarten teachers in nine kindergartens in in holy city of Karbala. The study instrument consists of demographic and employment information, and the environmental context questionnaire consisting of 26 multiple choices questions. Results: The majority of kindergarten teachers were between 35 and 44 years old (mean = 36.82, standard deviation = 7.5), had a bachelor’s degree or higher, and at least five years of experience. Pre-test results indicated that teachers’ knowledge of and environmental context was fair. The educational program demonstrated statistically significant effectiveness in improving knowledge. Teachers’ knowledge related to environmental context was strongly associated with the teachers education of qualification, age, and years of experience, extended to the type of kindergarten, while child responsibility showed no statistically significant relationship. Conclusion: Kindergarten teachers’ basic knowledge of environmental context was insufficient, but the designed educational program effectively enhanced this knowledge. Educational level, professional experience, were critical factors in determining knowledge, highlighting the importance of structured professional environment context. Recommendations: Creating a healthy environmental context acts as a vital element to maintain the health status of children who attend kindergarten regularly. Teachers play an important role as decision-makers and evaluators who control such an environment. For this reason, educational sessions to enhance health content and support children’s growth and development are necessary
Adolescent Sexual Health Education and its Role in Preventing Risky Behaviors and Outcomes Qualitative Research in Psychology.
Background: Adolescents are at a high risk of negative health outcomes associated with early sexual encounters such as unintended pregnancy, and the spreading of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to a lack of knowledge and information about sexual health. Objective: This research explores the impact of adolescent sexual health education in preventing risky sexual behaviors and health risks. Methodology: This was a narrative review and cross-sectional secondary analysis of studies and reports from the peer-reviewed literature and public health practice. Information on the differences between adolescents with comprehensive sexual health education and those with limited or no sexual health education was examined. Findings: Youth exposed to comprehensive sexual health education had greater knowledge levels (40% higher) as well as safer sexual acts, such as greater condom use (65-75%) than those receiving no instruction (30-40%). Furthermore, comprehensive programs also led to lower risky sexual practices (27%) and lower self-reported pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Abstinence-only programs had minimal impact on behavior but moderately improved knowledge and STIs. Abstinence-only programs showed moderate knowledge gains but less consistent behavioral impact. Conclusion: Sexual health education is essential to inform youth of impending changing and promote sexual health and safe sexual practices. Investments in school and community awareness programs will greatly enhance adolescent health and have long-term health promotion effects.
The Influence of Cultural Practices on Adolescent Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices
Background: Cultural practices have a profound impact on the development of adolescents' health behaviors and lifestyles through dietary, physical activity and social practices. Dietary, physical activity and lifestyle choices among adolescents are also influenced by cultural practices, which can have either a positive or detrimental impact on health outcomes including the development of chronic diseases such as Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Objective: This research project will explore the impact of cultural practices on the health choices and lifestyles of adolescents and to understand how these practices impact health. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents (13-18 years of age). Information was gathered via questionnaires measuring eating behaviors, physical activity and lifestyles of different cultural groups. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Findings: The findings show that cultural practices have a profound impact on adolescents' dietary habits, physical activity and lifestyle. Healthful cultural norms support healthy behaviors, while some traditional practices lead to sedentary behaviors and unhealthy diet and physical activity patterns. Conclusion: Health among adolescents is influenced by cultural practices. Supporting culturally appropriate health promotion interventions can strengthen positive lifestyle choices, and optimize health outcomes.
The Impact of Bullying and Cyberbullying on Psychological Well-Being among Adolescents
Background: Bullying and cyberbullying are global problems among adolescents, contributing to psychological problems such as Depression and Anxiety Disorder. The growing use of virtual and online communication has exacerbated exposure to victimisation. Objective: The research will investigate the effect of bullying and cyberbullying on adolescent mental health and to compare its effects. Methodology: This quantitative cross-sectional study included 300 adolescents (13-18 years old). Survey data on bullying involvement and measures of psychological well-being (anxiety, depression and self-esteem) were gathered through questionnaires. Data were analysed using SPSS. Findings: There were positive associations between bullying and psychological distress. Cyberbullying was more strongly linked to depression and social isolation and both forms of bullying had a negative effect on self-esteem. Those vulnerable to both forms exhibited the greatest levels of distress. Conclusion: The results suggest bullying, especially its digital form has a serious negative impact on the psychological well-being of adolescents. Multifaceted strategies including school, parental and online communities are needed to reduce this
The Role of Community-Based Programs in Improving Adolescent Health Outcomes and Awareness
Background:The health of adolescents is a major predictor of long-term health and well-being, but young people across the globe are facing an increasing burden of nutrition, mental health, substance abuse, and health-literacy issues. Such programs have gained recognition as strategies to improve health by harnessing local resources and communities. Objective: This research seeks to explore the impact of community-based programs on the health of adolescents and the awareness of health in different social and cultural contexts. Methodology: A narrative review was conducted evaluating recent articles, program reports and guidelines (such as World Health Organization) Research addressing adolescents 10-19 years old and community-based approaches were reviewed. A thematic synthesis was used to collate findings Findings: Community-centered programs dramatically boost health knowledge, promote behavior change and help access health care. Peer education, community health promotion and youth empowerment activities are highly effective, especially when culturally adapted. But project resources and implementation influence success rates. Conclusion: Community-based initiatives are important for increasing knowledge and health outcomes in adolescents. They require ongoing community involvement, cultural adaptation and health systems integration for optimal impact. Efforts to improve these programs can lead to improved adolescent health equity and sustainability across the world.
Evaluating Interventions Aimed at Reducing Obesity Prevalence among Adolescent Populations Globally
Obesity among adolescents has become a serious worldwide community health issue, and its prevalence is on the increase in both high-income and low- and middle-income nations. In this research, the authors assess the efficacy of the interventions that are designed to decrease obesity in adolescents aged 10-19 years and rely on the evidence of various geographical and socio-economic settings. Recent peer-reviewed literature and reports by organizations like the World Health Organization were used to compare peer-reviewed school-based, community-based, family-centered, policy-driven, and digital interventions. The evidence has shown that multi-component interventions and those that include behavioral education, environmental changes, and policy support have been found to have the most reliable changes in body mass index (BMI) and the subsequent health behavior changes. School programs have a high scalability and policy interventions, like taxing sugar sweetened drinks, have broader population effects. Nevertheless, there is a wide range of variation in terms of the intervention outcomes based on cultural relevance, socioeconomic status and implementation fidelity. Digital health interventions have potential engagement but have difficulties in adhering to them over time. The same barriers such as inequity in resource allocation, lack of evaluation over the long term, and industry influence on food environments persist. The paper highlights the importance of context-dependent, multi-sectoral responses and long-term policy engagement to adequately prevent adolescent obesity on a global level.
Effect of using vinegar compresses combined with antipyretic drug and only antipyretic drug in the management of fever: A comparative study
Background: Fever is among the most common reasons for pediatric emergency visits, and caregivers frequently combine pharmacological and physical strategies to reduce body temperature. Antipyret-ics such as paracetamol are widely used, while vinegar compresses remain a common complementary practice; however, their short-term added benefit in clinical settings is not well established. Objec-tive: To compare short-term temperature reduction after (i) cider apple vinegar compresses combined with intravenous (IV) paracetamol and (ii) IV paracetamol alone among febrile children. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the emergency department of Karbala Teaching Hospital for Children (May–August 2025). One hundred and twenty children (2–7 years) with axillary temperature >37.5◦C were enrolled and allocated in a 1:1 ratio to a vinegar compresses + IV paracetamol group or an IV paracetamol-only group. Axillary temperature was recorded at baseline and at 15-minute intervals for 60 minutes after the intervention. Descriptive statistics were computed; within-group temperature changes across time were evaluated using the Friedman test, and between-group comparisons at each time point were assessed using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test (SPSS v26). Results: Both groups showed decreasing mean temperature over time, with a larger and more rapid decline observed descriptively in the vinegar compresses + paracetamol group. Within-group analysis showed a statisti-cally significant reduction across time points in the combined-intervention group, with a large effect size, whereas changes in the paracetamol-only group were smaller over the same 60-minute window. Con-clusion: IV paracetamol remains an effective first-line intervention for febrile children in the ED. When used as an adjunct to antipyretic therapy, vinegar compresses may accelerate short-term temperature reduction in the first hour after treatment. Given the quasi-experimental design and pragmatic imple-mentation, confirmatory randomized trials with standardized compress preparation, safety monitoring, and longer follow-up are recommended before broad practice changes. Recommendations: Nurses and caregivers should be educated that complementary physical measures, if used, should be applied as adjuncts (not substitutes) to evidence-based antipyretic therapy, with attention to comfort and skin integrity. Future studies should incorporate randomization, detailed intervention standardization, and clinically meaningful outcomes beyond short-term temperature change.
The Association between Body Image Perception and Mental Health Outcomes among Adolescents
Background: Adolescence is a developmental phase that is critical and body image perception is a critical factor in determining psychological well being. Adolescents are usually influenced by societal beauty ideals, peer pressure and social media, which can influence their views on their bodies, which can lead to mental health problems. Objective: The proposed study will help to investigate the relationship between the perception of the body image and mental health outcomes among adolescents, including self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Methodology: Descriptive review methodology was taken whereby, the literature that had been done so far through psychological research, public health, as well as research on the health of adolescents, was analyzed. The paper examines the connection between the perceptions of body image and the mental health measure among the various adolescent groups. Findings:The results suggest that a negative body image perception is closely linked to negative mental health effects, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. On the other hand, positive body image is associated with increased self-confidence, emotional strength and well being. These are heavily affected by factors like exposure to social media, peer comparison and cultural norms Conclusion: The way a body image is perceived is an important predictor of adolescent mental health. The strategies to improve mental health outcomes among adolescents are the promotion of positive body image and media literacy and the use of supportive environments.
Digital Technology Exposure and its Effects on Behavioral and Emotional Development in Adolescents
Background:The swift development of online technology has changed the lives of adolescents, exposing them to more smartphones, social media, and the internet. Although technology is an excellent learning and communication tool, its overuse raises issues of its effect on behavioral and emotional development. Objective:This research project will analyze how the exposure to the digital technology can influence the behavioral patterns and emotional well-being of adolescents, which can lead to both positive and negative effects. Methodology:The descriptive review methodology was chosen, analyzing recent studies and investigations, psychological studies, and reports on the health of the population. The research pays attention to such variables as the screen time, the character of the digital engagement and behavioral as well as emotional outcomes. Findings:The result shows that behavioral problems linked with high levels of digital exposure include a decrease in the attention span, impulsivity, and even addiction. Emotionally, overuse is associated with anxiety, depression, low self esteem and social comparison. Nevertheless, the moderate and moderated use of digital technology can improve the learning process, creativity, and connectivity. Parental control and moderate consumption is very key in addressing adverse impacts. Conclusion:Digital technology has a great impact on behavioral and emotional development of adolescents. Developing responsible use, digital literacy, and enabling conditions is a critical strategy to achieve the greatest benefits and the least risks.
Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Access to Healthcare Services among Adolescent Populations
Background: Adolescence is a crucial stage of development during which access to healthcare services in time is a critical factor in ensuring healthy development and preventing future health complications. Nevertheless, access disparities have remained as they are mostly affected by socioeconomic variables like income, education, and living conditions. Objective: The research is needed to analyze the impact of socioeconomic issues on access to healthcare services in the case of an adolescent population and the identification of critical barriers to their utilization. Methodology: Descriptive review methodology was implemented, with the examination of the existing literature, reports on public health, and empirical research on the socioeconomic determinants of healthcare access. The important variables are income level, education level of parents, geographic location, and access to healthcare. Findings: The results indicate that the adolescents in low socioeconomic status have a high burden, such as financial limitations, poor health literacy, and lack of health care infrastructure. On the other hand, better access, increased utilization of services, and better health outcomes are linked to higher socioeconomic status. These differences are further worsened by rural urban differences and social inequalities, which limit the access to care on an equal basis. Conclusion: The socioeconomic determinants are decisive elements that affect access to healthcare services among adolescents. To ensure equal healthcare access to adolescents, it is crucial to tackle these inequalities by implementing specific policies, enhancing health education, and providing equal access to services
Adolescent Reproductive Health Awareness and its Impact on Preventive Health Practices
Background: The adolescent stage is a crucial time to be aware of reproductive health, as it has a major impact on health over a lifetime. Low awareness and social stigma are common factors that put adolescents at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancies, and inadequate hygiene. Objective: This research will explore the extent of awareness of reproductive health in adolescents and how this affects their practices on preventive health. Methodology: Descriptive review methodology was followed which involved the analysis of recent literature, public health reports, and studies on adolescent health. The research is centered on some of the most important variables like awareness levels, information sources and participation in preventive measures like safe sexual activities, and personal hygiene. Findings: The results show that the better the reproductive health awareness, the better the preventive health behaviors. Young people who are well informed have a higher probability of using safe sex, being hygienically correct as well as seeking medical advice when the need arises. Nevertheless, it is hampered by the presence of barriers including cultural taboos, insufficient thorough education, and the inaccessibility of services that are friendly to adolescents. Conclusion: To promote preventive health among adolescents, it is necessary to improve their level of reproductive health awareness. Education programs should be reinforced, accessibility to information increased, and open communication can contribute much to mitigating health risks and the overall well-being of adolescents.
The Role of Parental Guidance in Promoting Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Adolescents
Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental stage marked by rapid physical, emotional, and social changes that influence long-term health outcomes. During this period, lifestyle behaviors such as diet, physical activity, sleep, and substance use are often established, making parental guidance a key determinant of adolescent well-being. Objective: This article examines the role of parental guidance in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors among adolescents and explores how parenting practices shape health-related choices. Methodology: The study adopts a narrative review approach, analyzing existing literature from peer-reviewed journals, public health reports, and behavioral studies. It focuses on themes such as parental modeling, communication, monitoring, and environmental support in influencing adolescent health behaviors. Findings: The review highlights that positive parental involvement—through role modeling, consistent communication, and supportive home environments—significantly encourages healthy eating, regular physical activity, and emotional stability among adolescents. Conversely, lack of supervision and poor parental habits are associated with increased risk behaviors, including sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary patterns. Socioeconomic and cultural factors further moderate these outcomes. Conclusion: Parental guidance plays a crucial role in shaping adolescents’ lifestyle behaviors, with long-term implications for health and well-being. Strengthening parent-focused interventions and promoting awareness can enhance healthy behavioral development during adolescence
Early diagnosis and prevention of speech disorders in children: Current trends and effective practices
Background: Vitamin D plays essential roles in calcium homeostasis, immune modulation, and inflammatory regulation, suggesting potential implications for periodontal health. Adolescence represents a critical period for both skeletal development and establishment of periodontal health patterns, yet research examining vitamin D–periodontal relationships in this population remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and periodontal health parameters among adolescents, exploring potential associations with gingivitis severity and clinical attachment status. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 486 adolescents aged 12–17 years. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Periodontal assessment included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Participants were categorized by vitamin D status: deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), and sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and multivariable regression analyses evaluated associations. Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D was 24.67 ± 9.84 ng/mL, with 31.5% classified as deficient, 38.9% as insufficient, and 29.6% as sufficient. Vitamin D-deficient adolescents demonstrated significantly higher mean GI (1.67 ± 0.48) compared to sufficient participants (1.12 ± 0.39; p<0.001). Significant negative correlations were observed between 25(OH)D and GI (r=-0.412, p<0.001), BOP (r=-0.387, p<0.001), and PI (r=-0.298, p<0.001). Multivariable regression confirmed vitamin D deficiency as independently associated with gingivitis (OR=2.34; 95% CI: 1.56–3.51; p<0.001) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels demonstrate a significant inverse correlation with periodontal inflammation markers in adolescents. Vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with increased gingivitis severity, suggesting potential benefits of adequate vitamin D status for adolescent periodontal health.
Impact of Sleep Patterns and Quality on Cognitive and Emotional Health Among Adolescents
Background: Adolescence is a developmental period of utmost development, which is characterized by biological, psychological and social transitions, which have intense effects on sleep patterns. The rising academic workload, screen time viewing and lifestyle changes have contributed to massive sleep problems among teenagers causing worries of their cognitive and emotional health. Objective: It is the purpose of this research to test how sleep patterns and sleep quality affect teenage cognitive performance and emotional health. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on a group of 200 adolescents aged 1318 years based on measurements of the standardized sleep quality indices, cognitive assessment tasks, and emotional health questionnaires. Correlation and regression analyses have been applied to analyze the data to find the relationship of the variables of sleep to the health outcomes. Findings: The findings showed that 62% of the participants had poor sleep quality, with 48% lacking enough sleep duration (less than 7 hours). The quality of sleep was significantly negatively correlated with the cognitive performance (r = -0.54, p < 0.01) and had a positive correlation with emotional distress, such as anxiety and mood instability (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). Typically sleeping adolescents displayed higher attention and emotion control. Conclusion: The findings indicate that poor sleep habits and poor sleep quality have a negative impact on the functioning of the adolescent brain and their emotional wellness. It is necessary to promote healthy sleep behaviors to enhance general health and performance at school.
The Relationship between Physical Activity Levels and Overall Health Outcomes among Adolescents
Background: Exercise is a key determinant of health in adolescents, contributing to physical fitness, mental health and quality of life. But recent trends of low physical activity and high sedentary behaviours among adolescents have caused global concern. Objective: The study seeks to explore the association between physical activity and health status in adolescents, considering physical, psychological and social health. Methodology: This study adopted a quantitative approach with questionnaires and physical measurements on adolescents (13-18 years of age). Participants reported physical activity, assessed body mass index (BMI) and mental health. Various statistical methods (correlation and regression) were employed to test associations. Findings: Findings suggest a strong positive relationship between increased physical activity and health benefits. Teens who were physically active had improved physical fitness, lower body mass index (BMI), lower stress levels and better mood. In contrast, sedentary individuals had lower levels of physical activity and negative health outcomes. Conclusion: Physical activity has a significant impact on improving the health of adolescents. School and community-based physical activity interventions are vital for enhancing well-being
Adolescent Mental Health Challenges and The Importance of Early Intervention and Support Strategies
Background: Mental health among adolescents is a global priority, with rising prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress and other behavioral problems during a pivotal period of transition. These issues are shaped by educational stressors, peer relations, media influences, and parental factors, with potentially long-lasting effects if not tackled early. Objective: This research seeks to identify the key mental health issues among adolescents, and to assess the significance of early intervention and supportive action to support adolescent well-being. Methodology: The methodology involved a multi-faceted approach, including quantitative data from surveys with adolescents, qualitative data from interviews and focus group sessions with adolescents and teachers. Psychometric measures were employed to assess emotional and behavioural disorders. Findings: The findings reveal a high prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Early intervention strategies, particularly school-based programs and counseling services, were found to significantly improve coping skills, emotional resilience, and help-seeking behavior. Conclusion: Early detection and support are crucial in tackling mental health needs of adolescents. Improving integrated support structures in schools and the community in turn, can make a long-lasting difference.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of School-based Health Education Programs in Improving Adolescent Well-Being
Background: Well-being during adolescence is an important public health issue, involving physical, psychological and social aspects which impact long-term health. Schools offer an opportunity to deliver health education programs to set up healthy behaviours during this period of development. Objective:This research assesses the impact of school-based health education programs on the adolescent well-being - health literacy, health behaviors and psychological resilience. Methodology: We used both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with high school students. Information regarding health literacy, healthRelatedbehaviours and psychosocial issues were gathered from students by pre- and post-program assessments. Data were analysed statistically and thematically. Findings: The findings show substantial positive impact on students' knowledge about health, and moderate positive change in physical activity, nutrition and hygiene behaviours. Furthermore, increased mental health awareness and coping strategies were noted. But program outcomes were dependent on quality of delivery and socio-cultural context. Conclusion: School health education programs are essential to support the well-being of adolescents, but effectiveness relies on program delivery, suitability and stakeholder engagement. Improving program development and evaluation can have long-term benefits.
The Influence of Peer Pressure on Risky Health Behaviors among Adolescents in Urban Environments
Background: The period of adolescence is a vulnerable time for social influences, including peer pressure. In cities, adolescents are exposed to a variety of social networks, media and changes in lifestyles which could further influence the participation in risky health-related behavior like substance abuse, risky sexual behavior and delinquency. Objective: To investigate the impact of peer pressure on risky health practices of urban adolescents. Methodology: Urban adolescents aged 10-19 years were studied in a cross-sectional survey in schools and communities. Structured surveys were used to gather information on peer pressure and risky health behaviors. Chi-square and regression analysis were used to assess associations. Key Findings: The research found a strong link between levels of peer pressure and the likelihood of engaging in risky health-related activities. High peer pressure was linked to higher incidence of drug use, risky sexual activities and violence. There were interacting effects of socioeconomic status and family dynamics. Conclusion: Friend influences play a vital role in urban adolescents' engagement in risky health behavior. Programs aimed at peer education, life skills development and healthy family dynamics are crucial to reduce these risks and foster positive health outcomes
Nutritional Patterns and their Association with Growth and Development among Adolescent Populations
Background: The teenage years (10-19 years of age) is a pivotal time of growth, development and maturation. This is a crucial time for health, with dietary patterns during this period playing an important role in health, but many populations have poor dietary patterns and are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies. Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and growth and development in adolescents. Methodology: Adolescents (10-19 years) were examined in a cross-sectional study. Dietary consumption was assessed via a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-hour dietary recall. Nutrition assessment was made based on anthropometric measures such as height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Growth measures, developmental outcomes, including cognitive function and academic performance were also collected. Correlation and regression analysis were applied to identify dietary patterns and potential links to the outcomes. Results: The study found that teens following diverse dietary patterns with intake of fruits, vegetables and proteins had improved growth indicators and brain functions. On the other hand, consumption of high quantities of processed foods and soft drinks were found to be associated with higher risks of undernutrition or overweight and worse outcomes. Conclusion: Adolescent growth and development are greatly impacted by nutritional patterns. Encouraging well-balanced diets and dietary education can improve health and promote best outcomes in adolescence.
Assessing the Impact of Social Media usage on Mental Health Outcomes among Adolescents Globally
Background:The prevalence of social media in youth has become a worldwide issue, and possible consequences of social media on mental health, such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem and sleep, have been noted. Objective: The research aims to gain a deeper insight into the impact of social media use on the mental well-being of the youth and what influences mental well-being in diverse areas. Methodology: Multi-method approach was taken which comprised of a survey of 200 adolescents (13-19 years old) and semi-structured interviews. The statistical tests were done using correlation and regression which were supplemented with qualitative information. Findings: We discovered that there is a high positive relationship between high use of social media, anxiety and depression (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). Moderate use and excessive use were found to affect social connectedness neutrally or positively and negatively, respectively; although, poorer sleep quality was noted with excessive use. Conclusion: The study on the whole finds that the positive effect of high use of social media on the mental health of adolescents is not positive. Well-being must be increased with digital literacy, responsible consumption, and regulatory measures.
Emerging trends in adolescent health and their impact on long-term physical and mental well-being
Background: The growing use of technology and data analytics has profoundly impacted research and decision-making systems in many areas. Patterns, efficiency, and outcomes are still critical for enhancing performance and ensuring system reliability. Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of methodological approaches on the accuracy of outcomes and system performance, and to explore significant variables that affect performance. Methodology: The study featured a mixed-methods design, using quantitative data analysis and qualitative assessments. Using statistical analyses such as regression and correlation, we tested a sample dataset (n = 150) for associations. Findings: This study showed a strong positive association (r = 0.72, p < 0.05) between structured implementation and enhanced outcomes. Moreover, an efficiency improvement of nearly 28% was observed relative to non-systematic methods. Conclusion: This study concludes using structured methodologies improve accuracy and efficiency. Future studies will need to focus on time and scale in various settings.
Assessment of oral microbiome diversity in adolescents with varying caries risk
Background: Dental caries remains a globally prevalent chronic oral disease among adolescents. Contemporary understanding recognizes caries as a microbiome-driven dysbiotic process rather than a mono- infection. However, detailed characterizations of oral microbiome diversity patterns across stratified caries risk levels in adolescent populations remain insufficiently explored using modern high-throughput sequencing technologies. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate oral microbiome diversity, compo- sition, and structural differences among adolescents stratified into low, moderate, and high caries risk groups, and to identify microbial biomarkers distinguishing these risk categories. Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted on 210 adolescents aged 12–18 years, stratified into three equal groups (n = 70 each) based on CAMBRA (Caries Management by Risk Assessment) protocols. Unstimulated saliva and supragingival plaque samples were collected and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing tar- geting V3–V4 hypervariable regions on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Alpha diversity (Shannon, Simpson, Chao1), beta diversity (weighted UniFrac, Bray-Curtis), and differential abundance analyses were per- formed. Results: Shannon diversity index decreased significantly from the low-risk group (4.32 0.42) through moderate-risk (3.61 0.39) to high-risk (2.76 0.51) groups (p < 0.001). Beta diversity anal- yses demonstrated distinct microbial clustering among risk categories (PERMANOVA R = 0.213, p = 0.001). Streptococcus mutans relative abundance was significantly elevated in high-risk adolescents (21.34 6.12%) compared with low-risk (3.87 1.96%) (p < 0.001). Conversely, health-associated genera in- cluding Neisseria, Rothia, and Corynebacterium showed significant depletion in high-risk participants. Logistic regression identified S. mutans abundance (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 2.14–6.81) and Shannon in- dex (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21–0.67) as independent predictors of high caries risk. Conclusion: Oral microbiome diversity demonstrates progressive decline with increasing caries risk among adolescents, accompanied by characteristic compositional shifts from commensal-dominated to pathobiont-enriched communities. These microbial signatures hold potential as adjunctive biomarkers for enhanced caries risk prediction.
Mahmoud El Moutassim Bellah El Homossany
Association Between Diabetes Mellitus and Anemia in Adolescents Prevalence and Clinical Implications
Impact of Sports Participation on Oral Injuries and Mouthguard Compliance in Teenage Adolescent Athletes
Background: Sports-related oral and dental injuries represent a significant yet preventable source of morbidity among adolescent athletes. Mouthguards are established as effective protective devices; however, compliance rates remain suboptimal across many sporting disciplines. Comprehensive data examining the interrelationship between sport type, oral injury patterns, and mouthguard utilization behaviors among teenage athletes are limited. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to evalu- ate the prevalence and patterns of sports-related oral injuries among adolescent athletes across different sporting disciplines and to assess mouthguard awareness, usage compliance, and barriers to adoption. Methods: A total of 520 adolescent athletes aged 13–18 years participating in organized competitive sports were recruited from twelve sports clubs. Data were collected through validated questionnaires addressing injury history, mouthguard usage patterns, and perceived barriers, complemented by stan- dardized clinical oral examinations. Participants represented five sport categories: basketball, soccer, martial arts, hockey, and gymnastics. Results: The overall lifetime prevalence of sports-related oral injuries was 38.7% (n = 201). Martial arts athletes exhibited the highest prevalence (54.8%), followed by hockey (47.1%) and basketball (39.4%). Lip lacerations (42.3%) and tooth fractures (28.4%) were the most common injury types. Although 78.5% of participants reported awareness of mouthguards, only 31.2% reported consistent usage. Custom-fabricated mouthguard use was reported by merely 8.7% of users. Significant predictors of mouthguard non-compliance included perceived discomfort (OR = 3.24, 95% CI: 2.18–4.82), speech interference (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.93–4.27), and absence of a coaching mandate (OR = 4.12, 95% CI: 2.76–6.15). Athletes who consistently wore mouthguards experienced significantly fewer dental injuries compared with non-users (18.5% vs. 47.6%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Sports-related oral injuries are highly prevalent among adolescent athletes, yet mouthguard compliance remains critically inadequate. Coaching mandates, improved comfort through custom fabrication, and targeted educational interventions represent essential strategies for enhancing mouthguard adoption in youth sports.
Assessment of Environmental Health Risks Associated with Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium VI (CrVI) Exposure from Community Water Sources in Ponre District, Bone Regency
Heavy metal contamination in groundwater poses a significant threat to environmental quality and public health, particularly in rural communities relying on well water for drinking. This study assessed the environmental health risks associated with cadmium (Cd) and hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) exposure in Pattimpa, Poleonro, and Bolli Villages, Ponre District, Indonesia. A quantitative environmental health risk assessment approach was applied, including hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose–response analysis, and risk characterization. Data on participant characteristics, water consumption patterns, and exposure duration were collected through structured interviews and field observations, while groundwater samples were analyzed for Cd and Cr VI concentrations. Participants were aged 4–60 years with body weights ranging from 14.3 to 87.3 kg. The average Cd concentration in groundwater was 0.001 mg/L in all villages. Cr VI concentrations were 0.001 mg/L in Pattimpa and 0.01 mg/L in Poleonro and Bolli Villages. Exposure duration ranged from 2 to 32 years, with daily water consumption of 1–2.5 L. Carcinogenic risk assessment indicated elevated Cd-related cancer risk in Pattimpa Village (ECR > 10⁻⁴), while non-carcinogenic assessment showed potential health effects from Cr VI exposure in Poleonro Village (RQ ≥ 1). Continuous monitoring and mitigation strategies are needed to protect public health.