Maternal Obesity during Pregnancy and Associated Perinatal Complications in Neonatal Health Outcomes

Abstract

Background:
Maternal obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide and its prevalence is increasing among women of reproductive age. Maternal excess weight in pregnancy is linked to metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal changes which can negatively affect fetal growth and neonatal health. Maternal obesity has been associated with increased risk of pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery and adverse neonatal outcomes.

Objectives:
To evaluate the impact of maternal obesity during pregnancy on perinatal complications and neonatal health outcomes, and to identify major risk factors for adverse neonatal outcomes.

Methodology:
A thorough review of recent studies published between 2020 and 2026 was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A systematic analysis of relevant evidence on maternal obesity, pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes was conducted.

Findings:
The studies reviewed found that maternal obesity was linked to a 25–35% increased risk of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Neonates born to obese mothers had approximately 22% higher rates of preterm birth, 28% increased incidence of macrosomia, and 18% higher risk of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. In addition, pregnancy complications related to obesity were associated with increased neonatal respiratory distress and metabolic abnormalities.

Conclusion:
Maternal obesity is a significant contributor to adverse perinatal complications and negative neonatal health outcomes. Early identification of high-risk pregnancies, effective weight management strategies and improved prenatal care may reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and lead to healthier pregnancy outcomes.