Relationship Between School Bag Weight And Musculoskeletal Effects In School-Going Children

Abstract

Background: Excessive school bag weight among children is a growing public health concern, particularly due to its potential impact on musculoskeletal health. Despite established guidelines recommending that school bags should not exceed 10% of body weight, many children continue to carry heavier loads. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of heavy school bags, their association with musculoskeletal pain (MSP), and the influence of teacher knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP).

Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 primary school children. School bag weight was measured and categorized relative to body weight. Data on MSP, demographic characteristics, and ergonomic features were collected using structured tools. Teacher KAP regarding school bag safety was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Statistical analysis included chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and correlation analysis.

Results: Of the participants, 20.4% carried school bags exceeding 10% of their body weight. MSP was reported by 18.8% of students, with shoulder pain being the most common complaint. Students carrying heavier bags had a higher prevalence of MSP (28.3%) compared to those with lighter bags (16.4%); however, the association was not statistically significant (OR = 2.01; p = 0.075). Girls showed higher prevalence of both heavy bag carriage and MSP. Ergonomic features were inadequately used. Most teachers were aware of health consequences, but only one-third knew the recommended weight limit. A significant negative correlation was found between teacher awareness and MSP prevalence.

Conclusions: Heavy school bags and MSP are prevalent among children. Enhancing teacher awareness and promoting ergonomic practices may help reduce musculoskeletal problems.