Bifid Spleen With A Novel Hilar Vascular Pattern: A Rare Cadaveric Observation With Embryological, Biochemical, Radiological, And Surgical Implications

Abstract

Background: A bifid spleen is an exceptionally rare congenital anomaly resulting from incomplete fusion of splenic primordia during embryonic development. Recognition of this variation is important to avoid diagnostic errors and surgical complications.

Aim: To describe the morphology, vascular anatomy, embryological basis, and clinical significance of a rare bifid spleen identified during routine cadaveric dissection.

Materials and Methods: A bifid spleen was observed in a formalin-fixed adult male cadaver during undergraduate dissection. The spleen and its related vascular structures were carefully dissected and examined. As part of the study, splenic morphology and vascular patterns were also evaluated in 25 cadavers.

Results: The spleen consisted of two well-developed lobes connected by a common hilar region. The splenic artery bifurcated near the hilum into superior and inferior branches supplying each lobe independently. The pancreatic tail maintained its normal relationship with the splenic hilum. The intact capsule, shared hilum, and common vascular supply confirmed a congenital bifid spleen rather than an accessory spleen or post-traumatic change.

Conclusion: A true bifid spleen is an extremely rare developmental anomaly with important anatomical and clinical implications. Awareness of this variation is essential for accurate radiological diagnosis and safe splenic, pancreatic, and trauma-related surgical procedures.