The Effects of Wearable-Based Real-Time Feedback on Muscle Activation During Kettlebell Compound Exercises

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of wearable-based real-time feedback on muscle activation during kettlebell compound exercises and to compare the results with supervised and self-directed training conditions.

Methods: Eighteen healthy adults were randomly assigned to three groups: wearable feedback group (WG, n = 6), supervised group (SG, n = 6), and self-directed group (SDG, n = 6). All participants performed a standardized kettlebell training program consisting of six compound exercises once per week for four weeks. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii, Rectus femoris, and Gastrocnemius according to ENIAM guidelines. Muscle activity was normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests (α = 0.05).

Results: The wearable feedback group showed significantly greater increases in %MVIC for the Biceps brachii (p = .014), Triceps brachii (p = .042), and Rectus femoris (p = .017) compared with other groups. Within-group analysis also revealed pre–post improvements across multiple muscles in WG, whereas SG and SDG showed limited or nonsignificant changes. Gastrocnemius activation increased post-intervention in WG but did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions: : Wearable-based real-time feedback effectively enhanced muscle activation and self-regulation during kettlebell compound exercises compared with supervised or self-directed conditions. These findings highlight the potential of wearable feedback systems as practical tools to optimize training quality, improve exercise adherence, and support individualized programs in fitness and rehabilitation settings.