Anatomical Variations of The Proximal Tibia and Their Surgical Implications

Abstract

Introduction: The knee joint is a complex synovial structure frequently affected by osteoarthritis, often requiring surgical interventions such as Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA). Accurate morphometric data of the proximal tibia is essential for optimal implant design and surgical success.

Aim & Objectives: This study aimed to provide morphometric details of the upper end of the tibia for arthroplasty. Objectives included measuring anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) diameters of tibial condyles, dimensions of the intercondylar area, and assessing side-related asymmetry.

Methodology: A total of 303 dry adult tibiae (201 right, 102 left) were analysed using digital vernier calipers. Parameters measured included AP and transverse diameters, intercondylar widths, circumference, and vertical distance to the tibial tuberosity. Statistical analysis was performed, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: Significant bilateral asymmetry was observed. The medial condyle consistently showed larger AP dimensions, while the lateral condyle was shorter and more circular. The intercondylar area and transverse diameters also demonstrated side-related differences.

Conclusion: The study confirms bilateral and compartmental asymmetry of the proximal tibia, underscoring the need for population-specific and asymmetric tibial implants to improve arthroplasty outcomes.