Effect of Mxene Reinforcement on The Strength, Microstructure, and Wear Performance of Copper Alloys

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of MXene (Mx) addition into copper (Cu) matrix on their microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and wear resistance. Samples with varying Mx contents (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight) were synthesized and systematically analyzed using several advanced characterization techniques. SEM images reveal that MXene addition leads to a progressive refinement in the microstructure, showing denser and more uniform grain distributions with increased MXene content. Optical microscopy supports these findings, illustrating a clear transition from coarse, irregular grains in pure Cu to finer, well-defined grains in the MXene-doped composites. 3D profilometry data further corroborates these observations, showcasing smoother surface topographies as MXene content increases, indicative of enhanced surface homogeneity. Mechanical testing results indicate a substantial improvement in both density and hardness of the composites with MXene incorporation. Specifically, hardness values significantly increase from 24.17 VHN in pure Cu to 51.27 VHN in the 2% MXene composite, while density measurements also show a consistent upward trend. Additionally, wear test results demonstrate improved wear resistance with higher MXene content, suggesting that MXene effectively enhances the durability of copper composites under abrasive conditions.