Pattivalai: Traditional Shore Fish-Trap Fishing, Livelihood Contribution and Ecological Significance in The Mandapam Region, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Pattivalai (shore fish trap), locally known as Kalangatti Valai, is a traditional shore fish trap practiced by the fishing communities of the Mandapam region along the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu. Despite its distinctive construction, seasonal operation and livelihood significance, contemporary information on this traditional fishing system remains limited. The present study documents the traditional knowledge, construction, installation, operation, maintenance, harvesting practices, catch composition and economic contribution of Pattivalai fishing. The study recorded the use of fixed shore-associated structures comprising guiding wall nets and retaining enclosures, including the Perunguda and Siruguda. Fishing and harvesting were generally completed within approximately 2 h, after which fishermen could sell the catch and engage in other livelihood activities, demonstrating the role of Pattivalai as an additional source of income. The mean daily catch was 15.0 kg, with Loligo sp. contributing the highest proportion (26%), followed by Siganus sp. (18%) and Sphyraena sp. (12.67%). The total expenditure for construction and installation was approximately ₹1,28,500. Periodic net replacement, locally referred to as Valaipachal, was undertaken approximately once a month or once in two months depending on fouling conditions and required about 5 h. The study also documented seasonal adaptation of the fishery between the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay in response to sea conditions. As a passive, shore-associated fishing method, Pattivalai harvests fish through their natural movement into the fixed trap, with comparatively limited active fishing effort. The findings demonstrate that Pattivalai is not merely a fishing gear but a living traditional knowledge system that integrates fishing, environmental adaptation, skilled construction and supplementary livelihood generation. Documenting and strengthening such traditional practices, alongside appropriate ecological assessment, can contribute to the preservation of fishing heritage and the promotion of sustainable use and conservation of nearshore marine resources.