Three-Dimensional Assessment of Root Position Changes Following Orthodontic Treatment Using Digital Imaging: An Original Research Study

Abstract

Background: Orthodontic treatment aims to achieve optimal dental alignment and functional occlusion while maintaining the teeth within their supporting alveolar structures. Conventional two-dimensional imaging has limitations in evaluating the buccolingual position and three-dimensional orientation of tooth roots. Digital imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction offer additional methods for assessing root movement.

Aim: To evaluate changes in tooth-root position following orthodontic treatment using three-dimensional digital imaging and standardized spatial measurements.

Materials and methods: A proposed observational study included 30 patients undergoing comprehensive orthodontic treatment, of whom 28 completed the planned assessment. Pretreatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) digital records were to be evaluated using three-dimensional imaging, tooth segmentation, and image registration. The proposed dataset comprised 280 teeth, categorized as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Outcomes included mesiodistal, buccolingual, and vertical root displacement, total three-dimensional displacement, root angulation, root length where directly measurable, and measurement reliability. Paired analyses and statistical models accounting for clustering of teeth within patients were specified.

Results: Mean total three-dimensional displacement was 2.25 ± 0.82 mm for incisors, 2.05 ± 0.75 mm for canines, 2.20 ± 0.80 mm for premolars, and 1.55 ± 0.62 mm for molars.

Conclusion: Three-dimensional digital imaging may support a more comprehensive assessment of orthodontic root movement than crown-based measurements alone. Valid conclusions require standardized registration, reliable segmentation, appropriate statistical analysis, and clinically justified use of radiation-based imaging.