Human Rights Protection and Marginalization of The Shia Minority in Indonesia: A Case Study of Religious Discrimination in Makassar

Abstract

The protection of religious freedom is a fundamental component of human rights and democratic governance. However, religious minority groups in Indonesia continue to face various forms of discrimination and social exclusion. This study examines the marginalization of the Shia minority community in Makassar and analyzes the extent to which human rights protection is implemented in addressing religious discrimination. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis involving members of the Shia community, religious leaders, academics, and government representatives. The findings show that discrimination against the Shia community is manifested through restrictions on religious activities, social stigmatization, limited access to public spaces, and institutional responses that often prioritize social stability over the protection of minority rights. Drawing on human rights and social exclusion perspectives, this study argues that the marginalization of the Shia community is shaped by the interaction of social, political, and institutional factors that reinforce unequal power relations between majority and minority groups. The study contributes to the literature on religious freedom and minority rights by showing how formal legal guarantees can coexist with ongoing exclusionary practices at the local level. Strengthening institutional commitment, legal protection mechanisms, and inclusive governance is therefore essential to ensure substantive religious freedom and equal citizenship in Indonesia.