Social Media Use and Psychological Well-Being Among Adolescents: A Narrative Review of Risk and Protective Factors

Abstract

Social media has taken a major role in the lives of teenagers, giving rise to a platform and means through which they can communicate and develop their identity. However, increased use of social networking sites raises questions about their potential link with symptoms of anxiety, depression, dissatisfaction with one's body, sleep disturbances, and psychological distress in general. The association of the use of social media and the adolescents' psychological well-being is highly complex and cannot be studied in terms of the overall amount of time they spend online. The present review considers psychological, behavioral, developmental, and familial variables that can influence the risk of problematic use of social media and its opposite factors, which can lead to resistance to it. It has been shown that compulsive use, fear of missing out, passive use, social comparison based on appearance, and sleep deprivation are much more relevant to adolescents' mental states than the time spent online used alone. Adolescent self-esteem, emotional regulation, and social support can also be important, with issues such as digital literacy, supportive peer relationships, active use of social media, and successful parenting playing a protective role. The review highlights the importance of developmentally appropriate guidance and coordinated action involving adolescents, families, schools, healthcare professionals and digital platforms. A balanced approach that recognizes both the benefits and risks of social media is essential to support adolescent psychological well-being.