Multivariate Evaluation of Histopathological Prognostic Factors in Thyroid Neoplasm: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre

Abstract

Background: Thyroid neoplasms comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions with varying biological behavior and prognostic outcomes. Histopathological evaluation remains essential for identifying adverse prognostic features that influence therapeutic decision-making and patient management.

Objectives: To evaluate the histopathological spectrum of thyroid neoplasms and assess the frequency of adverse prognostic factors in a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods : A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at a tertiary care center over a period of 18 months. Histopathological records of 34 thyroid neoplasms diagnosed between January 2024 and June 2025 were reviewed. Demographic data, tumor subtype, focality, capsular invasion, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, angioinvasion, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node status were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.

Results: Thirty-four thyroid neoplasms were evaluated. The mean age at presentation was 47.2 years, with a female predominance (79.4%). Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common neoplasm. Multifocality was observed in 35.3% of cases. Capsular invasion and lymphovascular invasion were identified in 5.9% of cases each, while perineural invasion was observed in 2.9%. Angioinvasion was noted in 8.8% of cases, and extrathyroidal extension was present in 2.9%. These adverse histopathological features were predominantly associated with malignant thyroid neoplasms.

Conclusion: Papillary thyroid carcinoma constituted the predominant thyroid neoplasm in the present study and demonstrated a marked female preponderance. Although adverse histopathological features were encountered infrequently, their identification remains critical for risk stratification and individualized patient management.