Assessment of Environmental Health Risks Associated with Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium VI (CrVI) Exposure from Community Water Sources in Ponre District, Bone Regency

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in groundwater poses a significant threat to environmental quality and public health, particularly in rural communities relying on well water for drinking. This study assessed the environmental health risks associated with cadmium (Cd) and hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) exposure in Pattimpa, Poleonro, and Bolli Villages, Ponre District, Indonesia. A quantitative environmental health risk assessment approach was applied, including hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose–response analysis, and risk characterization. Data on participant characteristics, water consumption patterns, and exposure duration were collected through structured interviews and field observations, while groundwater samples were analyzed for Cd and Cr VI concentrations. Participants were aged 4–60 years with body weights ranging from 14.3 to 87.3 kg. The average Cd concentration in groundwater was 0.001 mg/L in all villages. Cr VI concentrations were 0.001 mg/L in Pattimpa and 0.01 mg/L in Poleonro and Bolli Villages. Exposure duration ranged from 2 to 32 years, with daily water consumption of 1–2.5 L. Carcinogenic risk assessment indicated elevated Cd-related cancer risk in Pattimpa Village (ECR > 10⁻⁴), while non-carcinogenic assessment showed potential health effects from Cr VI exposure in Poleonro Village (RQ ≥ 1). Continuous monitoring and mitigation strategies are needed to protect public health.