Child Health Disparities Related To Socioeconomic Inequalities In Urban And Rural Communities

Abstract

Background: Child health disparities remain a significant public health concern worldwide, especially among populations affected by socioeconomic inequalities. Differences in household income, parental education, access to health care services and living conditions are major contributors to the disparity in child health outcomes between urban and rural communities. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the effects of socioeconomic inequalities on child health outcomes, to examine the differences in disparities between urban and rural populations, and to determine the major factors associated with health inequity.  Methodology: 6-year observational study on 6000 children aged 0-18 years, from 30 urban and rural communities, between 2020 and 2025. Household surveys, health records, school health assessments, and public health databases were used for data collection. Statistical analyses including logistic regression, multilevel modelling and predictive analytics were employed to assess health disparities and related socio-economic factors.  Findings: The findings showed significant urban-rural differentials in child health outcomes. Vaccination coverage was higher in urban (92.4%) than rural (78.6%) communities. Malnutrition was observed in 24.8% of rural children compared to 11.2% of urban children. Low household income (OR = 2.91), limited access to healthcare (OR = 2.76) and low parental education (OR = 2.47) were significant predictors of adverse health outcomes. Conclusion: Socioeconomic inequalities are important determinants of child health outcomes and contribute to the persistent urban–rural disparities. Targeted interventions addressing access to health care, education, and economic support are critical to reducing inequities and improving child health.